Domestic Wastewater Treatment - index
Chapter 1 General - ufc_3_240_09fa0012
Chapter 2 Site Selection
Chapter 3 Treatment Requirements
Table 3-1. Information on Materials Which inhibit Biological Treatment Processes
Preliminary treatment
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0018
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0019
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0020
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0021
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0022
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0023
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0024
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0025
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0026
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0027
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0028
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0029
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0030
Tabe 3-3. Approximate Performance Data for Various Wastewater Processes
Table 3-4. Operational Characteristics of Various Treatment Processes
Table 3-4. Operational Characteristics of Various Treatment Processes - Cont'd
Chapter 4 Basic Design Considerations
Table 4-2. Per Capita Sewage Flows
Figure 4-1. Infiltration allowances
Population equivalents
Wastewater characteristics
Chapter 5 Selection of Treatment Processes
Chapter 6 Small Flow Treatment Systems
Figure 6-1. Typical two-compartment septic tank
Figure 6-2. Subsurface Absortion System
Figure 6-3. Seepage Pit Cross-Section
Figure 6-4. Percolation Testing
Percolation tests
Figure 6-5. Absorption Area Requirements
Incineration toilets
Figure 6-6. Filtration and Reuse Systems
Mound systems
Figure 6-7. Mound system - trenches
Table 6-1. Soil and Site Factors That Restrict Mound Systems
Figure 6-8.Mound System - Beds
Depth to high water table - ufc_3_240_09fa0053
Table 6-2. Correction Factors for Mounds on Sloping Sites
Figure 6-9. typical Imhoff Tank
Figure 6-10. Two-compartments Imhoff Tank
Package treatment plants
Chapter 7 Typical Military Wastewater Treatment Systems
Figure 7-1. Typical tricking filter process treatment train
Activated sludge process
Figure 7-2. Activated Sludge Process Treatment Train Using a Closed-Loop Reactor
Figure 7-3. Stabilization pond treatment train
Figure Proces treatment train applicable to small military installations
Chapter 8 Up Grading Existing Treatment Facilities
Techniques for upgrading existing trickling filter plants
Table 8-1. Tricking filler plant upgrading techniques
Techniques for upgrading conventional activated sludge plants
Table 8-2. Activated Sluge Plant Upgrading Techniques
Techniques for upgrading waste treatment ponds
Chapter 9 Characteristics of Wastewater Treatment Plants and General Plant Layout
Plant layout
Table 9-1. Head Allowances
Chapter 10 Preliminary Treatment
Figure 10-1. Standard Mechanically Clesned bar Screen
Table 10-1. Efficie of bar Spacing
Cubic Feet of Screening Per Million Gallons Sewage
Comminuting devices
Figure 10-3. Plan and Cross-Sectional Views of a Comminutor Installation
Figure 10-4. Typical Communitor Performance
Grit chambers
Aerated grit chamber
Table 10-2. Flocculation tank design factors
Power Requirements
Figure 10-5. Power required for flocculation
Chapter 11 Primary Treatment
Figure 11-1. Effective Surface area adjustments for inlet--outlet losses in rectangular clarifiers, L:W = 4.
Figure 11-2. Effective surface area adjustments for inlet--outlet losses in circular clarifiers.
Table 11-2. Setting tank depths
Figure 11-3. Typical Rectangular Primary Sedimentation tank
Circular tanks
Figure 11-4. Typical Circulator Primary Sedimentation Tank
Chemical precipitation - ufc_3_240_09fa0092
Table 11-3.
Imhoff tanks.
Table 11-4. Typical characteristics of domestic sewage sludge.
Chapter 12 Trickling Filter Plants
Table 12-1. Design Data and Information for Trickling Filter Processes
Design basis and criteria
Figure 12-1. Common flow diagrams for trickling filter plants.
Table 12-2. Design recirculation rates for high-rate filters
Plant efficiencies
Hydraulic components
Table 12-3. Surface loading rates for secondary sedimentation tanks
Table 12-4. Miscellaneous filter component design criteria.
Figure 12-2.Trickling filter section view
Chapter 13 Activated Sludge Plants
Figure 13-2. Step aeration flow diagram
Figure 13-4. Completely-Mixed Proces Flow Diagram
Figure 13-5. Closed-Loop Reactor Treatment System
Table 13-1. Closed-Loop Reactor Design Criteria
Figure 13-6. Horizontal-Shaft Aerator
Aeration - ufc_3_240_09fa0112
Figure 13-7. Aerators
Sludge dewatering and disposal
Chapter 14 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Table 14-1. Wastewater Treatment Pond Classifications
Design considerations - ufc_3_240_09fa0117
Facultative ponds
Disinfection - ufc_3_240_09fa0119
Chapter 15 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Figure 15-1. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Schemes
Table 15-1. Typical Application Data for Advanced Wastewater Treatment Operations and Processes
Polishing ponds
Table 15-2. Performance Parameters of Microstrainers
Table 15-3. Typical Microscreen Power and Space Requirements
Backwashing
Table 15-4. Typical Muiti-Media Design
Table 15-5. Performance Parameters for Multi-Media Filtration
Process design parameters
Table 16-5. Mineral to Phosphorus Ratios for Given Removal Efficiencies
Mineral addition using aluminum
Mineral addition using iron
Mineral selection and dosages
Figure 15-2. Feedwater Alkalinity Versus Line Dose
Single-stage lime treatment
Land application Systems
Natural wetlands
Nitrification
Separate-stage nitrification
Figure 15-3. Separate-Storage Nitrification
Figure 15-4 Nitrification tank Loadings
Denitrification
Table 15-7. Typical Performance Parameters for Fixed-Growth Denitrification
Figure 15-5. Three-Stage Denification
Anaerobic contact process
Chapter 16 Sludge Handling , Treatment, and Disposal
Pumps - ufc_3_240_09fa0147
Table 16-1. Mass Loadings for Designing Thickeners
Table 16-3. Design of chemicals for Various of sludges
Figure 16-1. Three Basic Stageof a Bell Filter Press
Process description
Table 16-4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Belt Presses
Table 16-5. Common Design Shortcomings of Bell Filter Press Installations
Figure 16-2. Plan and Section of a typical Sludge Drying Bed
Table 16-6. Area Required for Sluge drying Beds (Sqaure feet Capita)
Centrifugation
Figure 16-4. Basket Centrifuge in Sludge Feed and Sludge Plowing Eycles
Table 16-7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Basket centrifuges
Table 16-8. Common Design Shortcomings of Basket Centrifuge installations
Figure 16-5. Continuous Countercurrent Solid Bowl Centrifuge
Figure 16-6. Continuous Concurrent Solid Bowl Centifuge
Table 16-9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid-Bowl Decanter Centrifuges
Table 16-10. Common Design Shortcoming of Solid-Bowl Decanter Centrifuge installatios
Figure 16-7. Cross-Section of Plate Filler press
Table 16-11. Advantages and Disadvantages of Filter Presses
Table 16-12. Common design Shortcomings of Filter Presses
Sludge digestion
Table 16-13. Aerobic Digestion Design Parameters Using Air
Table 16-14. Standard-Rate Anaerobic Digester Capacity Design Criteria
Tank element design
Sludge storage
Chapter 17 Disinfection
Table 17-1. Typical Chloric Dosages Required for Sewage Disinfection
Chlorine feeding equipment
Dechlorination
Table 17-2. Chemical Quantities Required for dechlorination
Chapter 18 Flow Mesurement, Sampling, and Process Control
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0179
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0180
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0181
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0182
Monitoring equipment for process control
Sampling
Chapter 19 Design and Safety
General safety considerations
Safety equipment
Appendix B
Appendix C Sample Problems
Figure C-1. Grit Chamber Velocity Control Devices
Table C-1. Values of z/b for Various Values of y/d as Related to equation C-3
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0195
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0196
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0197
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0198
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0199
Table C-3. Parshall Flumes Valacitica
Proportional weir
Bar screen
Parshall flume
Mechanical flocculation
Sedimentation
Chemical precipitation - ufc_3_240_09fa0206
Single stage stone-media trickling filters
Single stage stone-media trickling filters - Cont'd
Two stage stone-media trickling filters
Plastic media trickling filters
Activated sludge, closed-loop reactor
Activated sludge, closed-loop reactor - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0212
Figure C-2. Rotor Aerator Oxygenation Capacity Curve
Activated sludge, closed-loop reactor - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0214
Figure C-3. Rotor Aerator Power Requirements Curve
Figure C-4. Closed-Loop Reactor Channel Sizing
Final clarifier
Figure C-5. Ammomia Nitrification
Figure C-6. Nitrification Temperature Corrections
Figure C-7. Nutrification pH Corrections
Check size of final clarifier with solids loading
Table C-4 summarizes the design criteria for the horizontal-shaft aerators and multiple-ditch units.
Design requirements - ufc_3_240_09fa0223
Phosphorus removal
Nitrification-denitrification
Figure C-8. Nitrification Efficiency Versus pH
Anaerobic sludge digestion
Aerobic sludge digestion
Gravity sludge thickener
Vacuum filtration
Chlorinator
Mound systems - ufc_3_240_09fa0232
Figure C-9 Mound Design on Sloped Ground
Table C-5. Allowable Lateral Lenghts (feet)
Calculate approximate void volume
Figure C-10. pump Selection Curves
When the system is fully laid out with pipes cemented in place
Appendix D Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates
Unit operations in the tropics
Appendix E Special Considerations for Cold Climates
Insulation of appurtenances
Appendix F Laboratory Furniture and Equipment
Glossary - ufc_3_240_09fa0246
Chapter 1 General - ufc_3_240_09fa0012
Chapter 2 Site Selection
Chapter 3 Treatment Requirements
Table 3-1. Information on Materials Which inhibit Biological Treatment Processes
Preliminary treatment
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0018
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0019
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0020
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0021
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0022
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0023
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0024
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0025
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0026
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0027
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0028
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0029
Table 3-2. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Processes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0030
Tabe 3-3. Approximate Performance Data for Various Wastewater Processes
Table 3-4. Operational Characteristics of Various Treatment Processes
Table 3-4. Operational Characteristics of Various Treatment Processes - Cont'd
Chapter 4 Basic Design Considerations
Table 4-2. Per Capita Sewage Flows
Figure 4-1. Infiltration allowances
Population equivalents
Wastewater characteristics
Chapter 5 Selection of Treatment Processes
Chapter 6 Small Flow Treatment Systems
Figure 6-1. Typical two-compartment septic tank
Figure 6-2. Subsurface Absortion System
Figure 6-3. Seepage Pit Cross-Section
Figure 6-4. Percolation Testing
Percolation tests
Figure 6-5. Absorption Area Requirements
Incineration toilets
Figure 6-6. Filtration and Reuse Systems
Mound systems
Figure 6-7. Mound system - trenches
Table 6-1. Soil and Site Factors That Restrict Mound Systems
Figure 6-8.Mound System - Beds
Depth to high water table - ufc_3_240_09fa0053
Table 6-2. Correction Factors for Mounds on Sloping Sites
Figure 6-9. typical Imhoff Tank
Figure 6-10. Two-compartments Imhoff Tank
Package treatment plants
Chapter 7 Typical Military Wastewater Treatment Systems
Figure 7-1. Typical tricking filter process treatment train
Activated sludge process
Figure 7-2. Activated Sludge Process Treatment Train Using a Closed-Loop Reactor
Figure 7-3. Stabilization pond treatment train
Figure Proces treatment train applicable to small military installations
Chapter 8 Up Grading Existing Treatment Facilities
Techniques for upgrading existing trickling filter plants
Table 8-1. Tricking filler plant upgrading techniques
Techniques for upgrading conventional activated sludge plants
Table 8-2. Activated Sluge Plant Upgrading Techniques
Techniques for upgrading waste treatment ponds
Chapter 9 Characteristics of Wastewater Treatment Plants and General Plant Layout
Plant layout
Table 9-1. Head Allowances
Chapter 10 Preliminary Treatment
Figure 10-1. Standard Mechanically Clesned bar Screen
Table 10-1. Efficie of bar Spacing
Cubic Feet of Screening Per Million Gallons Sewage
Comminuting devices
Figure 10-3. Plan and Cross-Sectional Views of a Comminutor Installation
Figure 10-4. Typical Communitor Performance
Grit chambers
Aerated grit chamber
Table 10-2. Flocculation tank design factors
Power Requirements
Figure 10-5. Power required for flocculation
Chapter 11 Primary Treatment
Figure 11-1. Effective Surface area adjustments for inlet--outlet losses in rectangular clarifiers, L:W = 4.
Figure 11-2. Effective surface area adjustments for inlet--outlet losses in circular clarifiers.
Table 11-2. Setting tank depths
Figure 11-3. Typical Rectangular Primary Sedimentation tank
Circular tanks
Figure 11-4. Typical Circulator Primary Sedimentation Tank
Chemical precipitation - ufc_3_240_09fa0092
Table 11-3.
Imhoff tanks.
Table 11-4. Typical characteristics of domestic sewage sludge.
Chapter 12 Trickling Filter Plants
Table 12-1. Design Data and Information for Trickling Filter Processes
Design basis and criteria
Figure 12-1. Common flow diagrams for trickling filter plants.
Table 12-2. Design recirculation rates for high-rate filters
Plant efficiencies
Hydraulic components
Table 12-3. Surface loading rates for secondary sedimentation tanks
Table 12-4. Miscellaneous filter component design criteria.
Figure 12-2.Trickling filter section view
Chapter 13 Activated Sludge Plants
Figure 13-2. Step aeration flow diagram
Figure 13-4. Completely-Mixed Proces Flow Diagram
Figure 13-5. Closed-Loop Reactor Treatment System
Table 13-1. Closed-Loop Reactor Design Criteria
Figure 13-6. Horizontal-Shaft Aerator
Aeration - ufc_3_240_09fa0112
Figure 13-7. Aerators
Sludge dewatering and disposal
Chapter 14 Wastewater Treatment Ponds
Table 14-1. Wastewater Treatment Pond Classifications
Design considerations - ufc_3_240_09fa0117
Facultative ponds
Disinfection - ufc_3_240_09fa0119
Chapter 15 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Figure 15-1. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Schemes
Table 15-1. Typical Application Data for Advanced Wastewater Treatment Operations and Processes
Polishing ponds
Table 15-2. Performance Parameters of Microstrainers
Table 15-3. Typical Microscreen Power and Space Requirements
Backwashing
Table 15-4. Typical Muiti-Media Design
Table 15-5. Performance Parameters for Multi-Media Filtration
Process design parameters
Table 16-5. Mineral to Phosphorus Ratios for Given Removal Efficiencies
Mineral addition using aluminum
Mineral addition using iron
Mineral selection and dosages
Figure 15-2. Feedwater Alkalinity Versus Line Dose
Single-stage lime treatment
Land application Systems
Natural wetlands
Nitrification
Separate-stage nitrification
Figure 15-3. Separate-Storage Nitrification
Figure 15-4 Nitrification tank Loadings
Denitrification
Table 15-7. Typical Performance Parameters for Fixed-Growth Denitrification
Figure 15-5. Three-Stage Denification
Anaerobic contact process
Chapter 16 Sludge Handling , Treatment, and Disposal
Pumps - ufc_3_240_09fa0147
Table 16-1. Mass Loadings for Designing Thickeners
Table 16-3. Design of chemicals for Various of sludges
Figure 16-1. Three Basic Stageof a Bell Filter Press
Process description
Table 16-4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Belt Presses
Table 16-5. Common Design Shortcomings of Bell Filter Press Installations
Figure 16-2. Plan and Section of a typical Sludge Drying Bed
Table 16-6. Area Required for Sluge drying Beds (Sqaure feet Capita)
Centrifugation
Figure 16-4. Basket Centrifuge in Sludge Feed and Sludge Plowing Eycles
Table 16-7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Basket centrifuges
Table 16-8. Common Design Shortcomings of Basket Centrifuge installations
Figure 16-5. Continuous Countercurrent Solid Bowl Centrifuge
Figure 16-6. Continuous Concurrent Solid Bowl Centifuge
Table 16-9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid-Bowl Decanter Centrifuges
Table 16-10. Common Design Shortcoming of Solid-Bowl Decanter Centrifuge installatios
Figure 16-7. Cross-Section of Plate Filler press
Table 16-11. Advantages and Disadvantages of Filter Presses
Table 16-12. Common design Shortcomings of Filter Presses
Sludge digestion
Table 16-13. Aerobic Digestion Design Parameters Using Air
Table 16-14. Standard-Rate Anaerobic Digester Capacity Design Criteria
Tank element design
Sludge storage
Chapter 17 Disinfection
Table 17-1. Typical Chloric Dosages Required for Sewage Disinfection
Chlorine feeding equipment
Dechlorination
Table 17-2. Chemical Quantities Required for dechlorination
Chapter 18 Flow Mesurement, Sampling, and Process Control
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0179
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0180
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0181
Table 18-1. Measurement Devices - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0182
Monitoring equipment for process control
Sampling
Chapter 19 Design and Safety
General safety considerations
Safety equipment
Appendix B
Appendix C Sample Problems
Figure C-1. Grit Chamber Velocity Control Devices
Table C-1. Values of z/b for Various Values of y/d as Related to equation C-3
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0195
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0196
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0197
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0198
Table C-2. Table of Discharge Rates for Parshall Flumes - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0199
Table C-3. Parshall Flumes Valacitica
Proportional weir
Bar screen
Parshall flume
Mechanical flocculation
Sedimentation
Chemical precipitation - ufc_3_240_09fa0206
Single stage stone-media trickling filters
Single stage stone-media trickling filters - Cont'd
Two stage stone-media trickling filters
Plastic media trickling filters
Activated sludge, closed-loop reactor
Activated sludge, closed-loop reactor - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0212
Figure C-2. Rotor Aerator Oxygenation Capacity Curve
Activated sludge, closed-loop reactor - Cont'd - ufc_3_240_09fa0214
Figure C-3. Rotor Aerator Power Requirements Curve
Figure C-4. Closed-Loop Reactor Channel Sizing
Final clarifier
Figure C-5. Ammomia Nitrification
Figure C-6. Nitrification Temperature Corrections
Figure C-7. Nutrification pH Corrections
Check size of final clarifier with solids loading
Table C-4 summarizes the design criteria for the horizontal-shaft aerators and multiple-ditch units.
Design requirements - ufc_3_240_09fa0223
Phosphorus removal
Nitrification-denitrification
Figure C-8. Nitrification Efficiency Versus pH
Anaerobic sludge digestion
Aerobic sludge digestion
Gravity sludge thickener
Vacuum filtration
Chlorinator
Mound systems - ufc_3_240_09fa0232
Figure C-9 Mound Design on Sloped Ground
Table C-5. Allowable Lateral Lenghts (feet)
Calculate approximate void volume
Figure C-10. pump Selection Curves
When the system is fully laid out with pipes cemented in place
Appendix D Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates
Unit operations in the tropics
Appendix E Special Considerations for Cold Climates
Insulation of appurtenances
Appendix F Laboratory Furniture and Equipment
Glossary - ufc_3_240_09fa0246
