MIL-HDBK-1005/16
2.3.6
Land Disposal. Disposal of wastewater effluent on the
land may be an alternative where no acceptable surface water
discharge exists or where treatment requirements for a surface
water discharge would be too restrictive. No NPDES permit is
required for land application, but a state permit is normally
required. If land is available and land application appears to
be a feasible option, treatment and disposal requirements must be
coordinated with the appropriate regulatory agency. An FOTW not
covered under an NPDES permit is subject to Resource Conservation
Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations if it receives hazardous waste.
2.4
Design Requirements for Cold Climates. Some military
installations are located in areas of extreme cold, including
arctic and subarctic regions. Because extreme cold significantly
affects the design and operation of wastewater facilities,
special considerations are required when facilities are to be
located in these conditions. Detailed information on cold
weather design is presented in the technical manual TM
5-852-1/AFR 88-19, Volume 1, Arctic and Subarctic Construction
General Provisions. Additional information is provided in Cold
Regions Utilities Monograph, American Society of Civil Engineers,
1996.
The effects of extreme cold on wastewater facilities
can be grouped into three categories:
a) Construction. Because of soil conditions such as
permafrost, special considerations should be given to the
construction of facilities, particularly for collections systems.
Alternatives include aboveground pipelines and combined utility
systems called "utilidors."
b) Freezing. Many of the normal components of
wastewater facilities, such as influent screening, grit removal,
and primary treatment, are subject to freezing in extremely cold
regions. These facilities will typically need to be enclosed or
covered, and aboveground tanks may require insulation. Design
biological processes such as lagoons and ponds to withstand the
effect of ice, and use submerged aeration systems.
c) Processes. Both chemical and biological processes
are negatively affected by extreme cold. Chemical reaction rates
are generally slower at low temperatures, and chemical
solubilities are reduced. The rates of biological reactions are
also reduced greatly, which affects the sizing of biological
treatment processes. In general, processes with long retention
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