Deep Foundations - index
Chapter 1: Introduction - ufc_3_220_01a0011
Table 1-1. General Design Methodology for Deep Foundations
Unusual Situations
Types of Deep Foundations
Figure 1-1. Timber pile splice and boot
Figure 1-2. Concrete pile splice and boot
Selection of Deep Foundations
Table 1-3: Standard H-piles; Dimensions and Properties
Figure 1-4. Drilled shaft details (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Displacement
Nondisplacement
Table 1-4: Characteristics of Deep Foundations
Site and Soil Investigations
Figure 1-6. Driven pile applications
Figure 1-6. (Concluded)
Figure 1-7. Load resistance of drilled shafts in various soils
Table 1-5: Drilled Shaft Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages
Site conditions - ufc_3_220_01a0028
Selection of Soil Parameters
Elastic Modulus
Figure 1-8. Variation Kcu for clay with respect to undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio
Chapter 2: Design Stresses
Table 2-1. Tolerances in Drilled Shaft Construction
Figure 2-1. Eccentric load on a pile group
Structural Design of Driven Piles
Figure 2-2. Limits to pile driving stresses
Table 2-3. Allowable Stresses for Supported Piles
Table 2-4: Allowable Concrete Stresses,Prestressed Concrete Piles
Table 2-5: Cast in Place and Mandrel-Driven Piles,Allowable Concrete Stresses
Table 2-7: Minimum Requirements for Drilled Shaft Design
Table 2-7: Minimum Requirements for Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0041
Table 2-7: Minimum Requirements for Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0042
Structural Design of Drilled Shafts
Chapter 3: Vertical Loads
Figure 3-1. Loading Support of Deep Foundation
Table 3-1. Vertical Load Analysis
Figure 3-2. Distribution of Skin Friction and The Associated Load Resistance
Figure 3-3. Critical Depth Ratio
Driven Piles
Table 3-2. Factors of Safety for Bearing Capacity
Table 3-3. General Design Procedure of a Driven Pile
Figure 3-5. Illustration of Input Parameters for Equatiion 3-7a
End Bearing Resistance
Figure 3-6. Variation of a and Bearing Capacity Factor
Figure 3-7. Variation of the Coefficient k
Figure 3-8: Ratio for Given Displacement Volume
Skin Friction Resistance
Table 3-4: Q by the Nordlund Method
Figure 3-10. Estimating Pile tip Capacity from CPT Data
Figure 3-11. Lambda Correlation Factor for Clay
Table 3-5: Adhesion Factos for Cohesive Soil
Figure 3-14: Sleeve Friction Factors for Sands
Drilled Shafts - ufc_3_220_01a0063
Figure 3-15:Driven Steel Pipe Pile
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0066
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0067
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0068
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0069
Table 3-7. Design of a Drilled Shaft
Table 3-8. Adhesive Factors for Drilled Shafts in Cohesive Soil
Figure 3-17: Modulus Reduction Ratio
Vertical Capacity to Resist Other Loads
Figure 3-18. Elastic Modulus of Intact Rock
Downdrag
Computer Analysis
Figure 3-20. Deep Foundation Resisting Uplift Thrust
Figure 3-21. Deep Foundation Resisting Downdrag
Figure 3-22. Load-Transfer Curves Used in AXILTR
Elastic Method
Load Transfer Functions
Table 3-10. Empiral Tip Coefficient C.
Figure 3-23. General Load-Transfer Curves for Clay
Figure 3-24. Generated Load-Transfer Curves for Sand
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0086
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0087
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0088
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0089
Chapter 4: Lateral Loads
Figure 4-1. Model of pile under lateral loading with p-y curves
Presence of Water
Development of p-y Curve for Soils
Figure 4-5. Wedge Type Failure of Surface Soil
Figure 4-6. Potential Failure Surfaces Generated by Pile at Several Diameters Below Ground Surface
Table 4-2. Representative Values of K for Stiff Clays
Table 4-3. Representative Values for Stiff Clays
Figure 4-8: Characteristics Shaped of p-y Curve for Static Loading in Stiff Clay Below the Water Table
Figure 4-10. Characteristics Shape of p-y Curve for Cyclic Loading in Stiff Clay Below Table
Figure 4-11. Characteristics Shape of p-y Curve for Static Loading in Stiff Clay Above the Water Table
Figure 4-12. Characteristic Shape of p-y Curve for Cyclic Loading in Stiff Clay Above the Water Table
Figure 4-13. Characteristics Shape of a Family of p-y Curves for Static and Cyclic Loading in Sand
Table 4-4. Nondimensional Coefficients for p-y Curves for Sand
Analytical Method
Table 4-5. Representative Values of k (Ib/cu in.) for Sand
Nondimensional Method of Analysis
Figure 4-16. Form of Variation of Soil Modulus with Depth
Pile Head Fixed Against Rotation (Case II)
Figure 4-17. Pile deflection produced by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-18. Pile deflection produced by moment applied at mudline
Solution of Example Problem
Figure 4-19. Slope of pile caused by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-20. Slope of pile caused by moment applied at mudline
Figure 4-21. Bending moment produced by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-22. Bending moment produced by moment applied at mudline
Figure 4-23. Shear produced by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-24. Shear produced by moment applied at mudline
Figure 4-25. Deflection of pile fixed against rotation at mudline
Study Soil Response
Figure 4-26. Soil-response curves
Solve for Deflection and Bending Moment
Figure 4-27. Graphical solution for relative stiffness factor
Apply global factor of safety
Status of the Technology
Figure 4-28. Comparison of deflection and bending moment from nondimensional and computer solutions
Chapter 5:Pile Groups
Figure 5-1. Groups of deep foundations
Design For Vertical Loads
Figure 5-2. Stress Zones in Soil Supporting Piles
Axial Capacity of Drive Pile Groups
Table 5-1: Equivalent Mat Method of Group Pile Capacity Failure in Soft Clays
Application - ufc_3_220_01a0132
Application-Cont.
Design for Lateral Loads
Figure 5-3. Typical Pile-Supported Bent
Computer Programs
Figure 5-4. Simplified structure showing coordinate systems and sign conventions
Figure 5-5. Set of pile resistance functions for a given pile
Computer Programs -Cont.
Figure 5-7. Interaction diagram of reinforced concrete pile
Table 5-3: Values of Loading Employed in Analyses
Figure 5-9. Pile Loading
Table 5-5. Computed Movements and Loads at Pile Heads
Computer Assisted Analysis
Chapter 6: Verification of Design
Table 6-1: Procedure for Verifying Design and Structural Integrity of Driven Piles
Figure 6-1. Schematic of wave equation model
Pile driving analysis
Figure 6-2: Schematic of Field Pile Driving Analyzer Equipment
CAPWAPC method
Drilled Shafts - ufc_3_220_01a0151
Figure 6-3. Example results of CAPWAPC analysis
Placement of reinforcement
Nondestructive tests
Access tubes and down-hole instruments
Load Tests
Standard load test
Effects of layered soils
Figure 6-4. Typical Osterberg cell load test (from Osterberg 1995)
Table 6-4: Methods of Estimating Ultimate Pile Capacity from Load Test Data
Table 6-4: Methods of Estimating Ultimate Pile Capacity from Load Test Data -Cont.
Appendix A: References and Bibliography
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0163
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0164
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0165
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0166
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0167
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0168
Appendix B: Pipe Piles
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0171
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0172
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0173
Appendix C: Computer Program Axiltr
Table C-2: Description of Input Parameter
Table C-2: Description of Input Parameter -Cont.
Application - ufc_3_220_01a0177
Figure C-1. Schematic diagram of soil and pile elements
Table C-3. Output Data
Table C-3. Output Data -Cont.
Load-transfer models
Figure C-2. Plotted output for pullout and uplift problems
Table C-4: Listing of Data Input for Expansive Soil, File DATLR.TXT
Figure C-3. Plotted output for drowndrag problem
Figure C-3. (Concluded)
Table C-5: Listing of Output for Pullent and Uplift Problem
Table C-5: Listing of Output for Pullent and Uplift Problem -Cont.
Table C-5 (Concluded)
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0190
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0191
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0192
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0193
Appendix D:Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles
Figure D1: Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles
Chapter 1: Introduction - ufc_3_220_01a0011
Table 1-1. General Design Methodology for Deep Foundations
Unusual Situations
Types of Deep Foundations
Figure 1-1. Timber pile splice and boot
Figure 1-2. Concrete pile splice and boot
Selection of Deep Foundations
Table 1-3: Standard H-piles; Dimensions and Properties
Figure 1-4. Drilled shaft details (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Displacement
Nondisplacement
Table 1-4: Characteristics of Deep Foundations
Site and Soil Investigations
Figure 1-6. Driven pile applications
Figure 1-6. (Concluded)
Figure 1-7. Load resistance of drilled shafts in various soils
Table 1-5: Drilled Shaft Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages
Site conditions - ufc_3_220_01a0028
Selection of Soil Parameters
Elastic Modulus
Figure 1-8. Variation Kcu for clay with respect to undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio
Chapter 2: Design Stresses
Table 2-1. Tolerances in Drilled Shaft Construction
Figure 2-1. Eccentric load on a pile group
Structural Design of Driven Piles
Figure 2-2. Limits to pile driving stresses
Table 2-3. Allowable Stresses for Supported Piles
Table 2-4: Allowable Concrete Stresses,Prestressed Concrete Piles
Table 2-5: Cast in Place and Mandrel-Driven Piles,Allowable Concrete Stresses
Table 2-7: Minimum Requirements for Drilled Shaft Design
Table 2-7: Minimum Requirements for Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0041
Table 2-7: Minimum Requirements for Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0042
Structural Design of Drilled Shafts
Chapter 3: Vertical Loads
Figure 3-1. Loading Support of Deep Foundation
Table 3-1. Vertical Load Analysis
Figure 3-2. Distribution of Skin Friction and The Associated Load Resistance
Figure 3-3. Critical Depth Ratio
Driven Piles
Table 3-2. Factors of Safety for Bearing Capacity
Table 3-3. General Design Procedure of a Driven Pile
Figure 3-5. Illustration of Input Parameters for Equatiion 3-7a
End Bearing Resistance
Figure 3-6. Variation of a and Bearing Capacity Factor
Figure 3-7. Variation of the Coefficient k
Figure 3-8: Ratio for Given Displacement Volume
Skin Friction Resistance
Table 3-4: Q by the Nordlund Method
Figure 3-10. Estimating Pile tip Capacity from CPT Data
Figure 3-11. Lambda Correlation Factor for Clay
Table 3-5: Adhesion Factos for Cohesive Soil
Figure 3-14: Sleeve Friction Factors for Sands
Drilled Shafts - ufc_3_220_01a0063
Figure 3-15:Driven Steel Pipe Pile
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0066
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0067
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0068
Table 3-6. Calculations of Vertical Loads in a Single Pile -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0069
Table 3-7. Design of a Drilled Shaft
Table 3-8. Adhesive Factors for Drilled Shafts in Cohesive Soil
Figure 3-17: Modulus Reduction Ratio
Vertical Capacity to Resist Other Loads
Figure 3-18. Elastic Modulus of Intact Rock
Downdrag
Computer Analysis
Figure 3-20. Deep Foundation Resisting Uplift Thrust
Figure 3-21. Deep Foundation Resisting Downdrag
Figure 3-22. Load-Transfer Curves Used in AXILTR
Elastic Method
Load Transfer Functions
Table 3-10. Empiral Tip Coefficient C.
Figure 3-23. General Load-Transfer Curves for Clay
Figure 3-24. Generated Load-Transfer Curves for Sand
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0086
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0087
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0088
Table 3-11. Application of Drilled Shaft Design -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0089
Chapter 4: Lateral Loads
Figure 4-1. Model of pile under lateral loading with p-y curves
Presence of Water
Development of p-y Curve for Soils
Figure 4-5. Wedge Type Failure of Surface Soil
Figure 4-6. Potential Failure Surfaces Generated by Pile at Several Diameters Below Ground Surface
Table 4-2. Representative Values of K for Stiff Clays
Table 4-3. Representative Values for Stiff Clays
Figure 4-8: Characteristics Shaped of p-y Curve for Static Loading in Stiff Clay Below the Water Table
Figure 4-10. Characteristics Shape of p-y Curve for Cyclic Loading in Stiff Clay Below Table
Figure 4-11. Characteristics Shape of p-y Curve for Static Loading in Stiff Clay Above the Water Table
Figure 4-12. Characteristic Shape of p-y Curve for Cyclic Loading in Stiff Clay Above the Water Table
Figure 4-13. Characteristics Shape of a Family of p-y Curves for Static and Cyclic Loading in Sand
Table 4-4. Nondimensional Coefficients for p-y Curves for Sand
Analytical Method
Table 4-5. Representative Values of k (Ib/cu in.) for Sand
Nondimensional Method of Analysis
Figure 4-16. Form of Variation of Soil Modulus with Depth
Pile Head Fixed Against Rotation (Case II)
Figure 4-17. Pile deflection produced by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-18. Pile deflection produced by moment applied at mudline
Solution of Example Problem
Figure 4-19. Slope of pile caused by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-20. Slope of pile caused by moment applied at mudline
Figure 4-21. Bending moment produced by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-22. Bending moment produced by moment applied at mudline
Figure 4-23. Shear produced by lateral load at mudline
Figure 4-24. Shear produced by moment applied at mudline
Figure 4-25. Deflection of pile fixed against rotation at mudline
Study Soil Response
Figure 4-26. Soil-response curves
Solve for Deflection and Bending Moment
Figure 4-27. Graphical solution for relative stiffness factor
Apply global factor of safety
Status of the Technology
Figure 4-28. Comparison of deflection and bending moment from nondimensional and computer solutions
Chapter 5:Pile Groups
Figure 5-1. Groups of deep foundations
Design For Vertical Loads
Figure 5-2. Stress Zones in Soil Supporting Piles
Axial Capacity of Drive Pile Groups
Table 5-1: Equivalent Mat Method of Group Pile Capacity Failure in Soft Clays
Application - ufc_3_220_01a0132
Application-Cont.
Design for Lateral Loads
Figure 5-3. Typical Pile-Supported Bent
Computer Programs
Figure 5-4. Simplified structure showing coordinate systems and sign conventions
Figure 5-5. Set of pile resistance functions for a given pile
Computer Programs -Cont.
Figure 5-7. Interaction diagram of reinforced concrete pile
Table 5-3: Values of Loading Employed in Analyses
Figure 5-9. Pile Loading
Table 5-5. Computed Movements and Loads at Pile Heads
Computer Assisted Analysis
Chapter 6: Verification of Design
Table 6-1: Procedure for Verifying Design and Structural Integrity of Driven Piles
Figure 6-1. Schematic of wave equation model
Pile driving analysis
Figure 6-2: Schematic of Field Pile Driving Analyzer Equipment
CAPWAPC method
Drilled Shafts - ufc_3_220_01a0151
Figure 6-3. Example results of CAPWAPC analysis
Placement of reinforcement
Nondestructive tests
Access tubes and down-hole instruments
Load Tests
Standard load test
Effects of layered soils
Figure 6-4. Typical Osterberg cell load test (from Osterberg 1995)
Table 6-4: Methods of Estimating Ultimate Pile Capacity from Load Test Data
Table 6-4: Methods of Estimating Ultimate Pile Capacity from Load Test Data -Cont.
Appendix A: References and Bibliography
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0163
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0164
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0165
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0166
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0167
Appendix A: References and Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0168
Appendix B: Pipe Piles
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0171
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0172
Table B-1: Dimensions and Properties for Design of Pipe Piles -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0173
Appendix C: Computer Program Axiltr
Table C-2: Description of Input Parameter
Table C-2: Description of Input Parameter -Cont.
Application - ufc_3_220_01a0177
Figure C-1. Schematic diagram of soil and pile elements
Table C-3. Output Data
Table C-3. Output Data -Cont.
Load-transfer models
Figure C-2. Plotted output for pullout and uplift problems
Table C-4: Listing of Data Input for Expansive Soil, File DATLR.TXT
Figure C-3. Plotted output for drowndrag problem
Figure C-3. (Concluded)
Table C-5: Listing of Output for Pullent and Uplift Problem
Table C-5: Listing of Output for Pullent and Uplift Problem -Cont.
Table C-5 (Concluded)
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0190
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0191
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0192
Table C-6. Listing of Data Input for Settling Soil -Cont. - ufc_3_220_01a0193
Appendix D:Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles
Figure D1: Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles
