between the beams and columns to permit the frames
Landslide: A down-slope mass movement of earth
to resist lateral forces through the flexural rigidity
and strength of its members.
resulting from any cause.
Fundamental Period: The first mode period of the
Liquefaction: An earthquake-induced process in
building in the direction under consideration.
which saturated, loose, granular soils lose a
substantial amount of shear strength as a result of
Grade Plane: A reference place representing the average
increase in porewater pressure during earthquake
shaking.
of finished ground level adjoining the building at all
exterior walls. Where the finished ground level slopes away
Foundations continued:
from the exterior walls, the reference plane shall be
established by the lowest point within the area between the
Pier: Similar to pile; usually constructed of concrete
buildings and the lot line or, where the lot line is more than
6 ft. (1829mm) from the building, between the building and
and cast in place.
a point 6 ft. (1829mm) from the building.
Pile: A deep structural component transferring the
Hazardous Contents: A material that is highly toxic or
weight of a building to the foundation soils and
potentially explosive and in sufficient quantity to pose a
resisting vertical and lateral loads; constructed of
significant life-safety threat to the general public if an
concrete, steel, or wood; usually driven into soft or
uncontrolled release were to occur.
loose soils.
High Temperature Energy Source: A fluid, gas, or vapor
Retaining Wall: A free-standing wall that has soil
whose temperature exceeds 220 degrees F (378 K).
on one side.
Inspection, Special: The observation of the work by the
Shallow Foundation: Isolated or continuous spread
special inspector to determine compliance with the
footings or mats.
approved construction documents.
SPT N-Values: Using a standard penetration test
Continuous Special Inspection: The full-time
(ASTM Test D1586), the number of blows of a 140-
observation of the work by an approved special
pound (623N) hammer falling 30 inches (0.76m)
inspector who is present in the area where work is
required to drive a standard 2-inch-(50mm) diameter
being performed.
sampler a distance of 12 inches (0.30m).
Periodic Special Inspection: The part-time or
Ultimate Bearing Capacity: Maximum possible
intermittent observation of the work by an approved
foundation load or stress (strength); increase in
special inspector who is present in the area where
deformation or strain results in no increase in load or
work has been or is being performed.
stress.
Inspector, Special (who shall be identified as the
Frame Systems:
Owner' Inspector): A person approved by the regulatory
s
Building Frame System: A structural system with
agency as being qualified to perform special inspection
required by the approved quality assurance plan. The
an essentially complete space frame system providing
quality assurance personnel of a fabricator may be approved
support for vertical loads. Seismic-force resistance is
by the regulatory agency as a special inspector.
provided by shear walls or braced frames.
Inter-Story Drift: The relative horizontal displacement of
Dual Frame System: A structural system with an
two adjacent floors in a building. Inter-story drift can also
essentially complete space frame system providing
be expressed as a percentage of the story height separating
support for vertical loads. Seismic force resistance is
the two adjacent floors.
provided by moment resisting frames and shear walls
or braced frames as prescribed in Sec. 5.2.2.1 of
Inverted Pendulum Type Structure: Structures that have
NEHRP' 7.
9
a large portion of their mass concentrated near the top and,
Moment Frame System: A structural system with
thus, have essentially one degree of freedom in horizontal
translation. The structures are usually T-shaped with a
an essentially complete space frame system providing
single column supporting the beams or framing at the top.
support for vertical loads, with restrained connections
C-4
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