TM 5-814-7
Table 6-1. Requirements for Liner Systems
Section of 40 CFR 264 Describing Requirements
K
L
M
N
Design Requirements
Surface
Waste Pile
Land Treatment
Landfill
Impoundments
Except for an existing portion, a unit must have a
264.221(a)
264.251(a)(1)
NA
264.301(a)(1)'
liner that is designed, constructed, and installed
to prevent any migration of wastes out of the unit
to the adjacent subsurface soil or ground water or
surface water at any time during the active life
(including the closure period).
Constructed of materials that have appropriate
264.221(a)
264.251(a)(1)
NA
264.301(a)(1)
chemical properties and sufficient strength and
thickness to prevent failure due to pressure
gradients (including static head and external
hydrogeologic forces), physical contact with the
waste or leachate to which they are exposed,
climatic conditions, the stress of installation, and
the stress of daily operation. Installed to cover all
surrounding earth likely to be in contact with the
waste or leachate.
Placed upon a foundation or base capable of
264.221(a)
264.251(a)(1)
NA
264.301(a)(1)
providing support to the liner and resistance to
pressure gradients above and below the liner to
prevent failure of the liner due to settlement,
compression, or uplift.
264.221(a)
264.251(a)(1)
NA
264.301(a)(1)
Liner systems must be monitored and inspected 264.226(a)
264.254(a)
NA
264.303(a)
during construction and installation, (except in the
case of existing portions of units exempted from
liners, as noted above).
Cover systems (e.g., membranes, sheets, or 264.226(a)
264.254(a)
NA
264.303(a)
coatings) must be inspected for uniformity,
damage, and imperfections (e.g., holes, cracks,
thin spots, or foreign materials) Immediately after
construction or installation
Soil-based and admixed liners and covers must 264.226(a)
264.254(a)
NA
264.303(a)
be inspected for imperfections including lenses,
cracks, channels, root holes, or other structural
non-infirmities that may cause an increase in the
permeability of the liner or cover
Adapted from 40 CFR 264
For landfills, (and surface impoundments and waste piles operated for more than 30 years), regulations include an additional
requirement that wastes not migrate into the liner during the active life of the site.
all facilities must be (1) constructed in unsaturated soil above
of a single liner of soil (clay), synthetic material, or ad- mixed
the seasonal high water table, (2) placed on a foundation
material, and a leachate collection and removal system. If
which will provide adequate support to the liner, and (3)
closure is not scheduled for 10 years or more, a synthetic liner
installed to cover all earth likely to come into contact with
is to be used, and the base liner system should consist of-
waste or leachate. Required elements of the liner system
Leachate collection and removal system above
depend on the type of facility and the anticipated period of time
primary liner
from first placement of waste to site closure.
Primary liner of synthetic material
(1) Surface impoundment liner systems depend on
Secondary liner of clay soil or synthetic material
whether the impoundment is permitted for storage (requiring
Leak detection system between liners
removal of all wastes, waste residues and liners at closure) or
(a) Alternatively, admixed materials such as
for disposal (requiring removal of free liquids, stabilization of
concrete and asphalt may be used for long-term storage if
wastes and capping at closure). The following elements are
physical and chemical analyses of their characteristics indicate
required for DA impoundments:
they will not deteriorate during the life of the waste pile.
Primary synthetic liner
Admixed liners are preferred for waste piles where repeated
Secondary (clay soil or synthetic) liner
removal and replacement of wastes may occur, since synthetic
Leak detection system
membrane liners could be easily damaged by the required
Monitoring wells
waste-handling equipment, and exposed areas of clay liners
(2) Waste piles, which can be permitted only as
could dry out and crack. Reinforced concrete with appro-
storage facilities, require base liner systems consisting
6-3
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