TM 5-852-2/AFR 88-19, Vol. 2
should be obtained on the feasibility of developing
U.S. Geological Survey base maps, which show the
a water supply for the needs of the installation.
general features of regions; geological maps
Pumping tests and water analyses should be made
prepared by the Geological Survey and by local
for potential wells. In some instances a dam site may
government agencies; agricultural soil survey maps;
have to be selected for impounding water. In
controlled airphoto mosaics; military maps of
addition to determining sources of potable water
various types; and Federal Aviation Agency
supplies and possible means of waste disposal,
aeronautical charts. In unmapped areas, site
location conditions and regulations should be ex-
selection is more difficult because of the additional
amined to avoid conflict. If water supply is to be
reconnaissance and surveys required.
c. Aerial imagery. Airphotos and satellite imag-
developed from surface water, possible pollution
sources should be examined. It may prove necessary
ery can be used to locate boundaries of soils having
in the Arctic to develop water supplies from two
different characteristics and the extent of frozen and
different sources, one for summer and one for
unfrozen soils, and to predict the engineering
winter. For example, where ground-water supplies
characteristics of soils in a given area. Airphotos can
cannot be developed and surface sources freeze in
also be used to eliminate selection of totally
the winter, the surface source may be used during
undesirable areas and to suggest possible usable
the summer, while melted snow or ice or storage
sites. Because of the constant advances in the
tanks may have to be the source of supply in winter.
techniques of acquiring and analyzing aerial imagery
The ability of a stream or a body of water to dilute
and the increased availability of this imagery, a
sewage should be investigated to determine the
significant amount of work in the site selection
degree of waste treatment that may have to be
procedure can now be accomplished by using these
provided (see TM 5-852-5/AFR 88-19, Vol. 5).
types of data. Therefore, in this manual considerable
emphasis has been placed on the acquisition and use
cation of suitable sources of rock or rock deposits,
of aerial imagery in the site selection process.
gravel and sand for aggregates, and of stands of
usable timber is normally essential. The nearest
are especially valuable in initial regional studies to
points at which non-native materials and supplies
obtain data on such factors as flooding and icing
can be obtained should also be determined.
conditions, presence of flight hazards, possible
temporary construction camp locations, possible
2-2. Data sources.
access route locations, suitability of lakes and
clearings for landing small aircraft, and military
In the selection of a suitable site for military
considerations, such as logistics and defense. Large
installations, information is usually available for the
areas can be covered in a relatively short time and
identification of general areas that may be suitable
the least desirable sites eliminated.
as potential sites (maps, aerial imagery). To identify
e. Ground reconnaissance. The purpose of
the specific site within a general area, more detailed
ground reconnaissance is to check all information
information is required, which may or may not be
previously collected, to obtain data that are not
available.
otherwise available, and to select the best site if
a. Reports and records. Reports published by
more than one potential site is available.
various government agencies, engineering firms, and
f. Subsurface explorations. The primary objec-
researchers, etc., that give information on the
tives of foundation explorations in arctic and
characteristics of the terrain and on the climate,
subarctic regions are to obtain data on, first, the
hydrology, and geology should be thoroughly ex-
boundaries of frozen and thawed zones within the
amined. If no records of streamflow exist, quantities
depth influenced by construction activities, second,
of flow will have to be estimated on the basis of
the amount and mode of occurrence of ice in frozen
climatic conditions and basin characteristics. In the
soil, and, third, the composition and properties of
absence of recorded climatic data, approximations
the soil itself. The type of explorations is dictated to
will be prepared based on the best evidence.
a large extent by the relative inaccessibility of many
b. Maps. The availability of adequate maps is
northern areas and climatic limitations. In addition,
essential to the selection of the site for any
special techniques are frequently required for
structure. In the more populated areas a wide
explorations in frozen ground because the strength
variety of maps can be found. Among these are U.S.
of frozen soils decreases rapidly with an increase in
Geological Survey quadrangle sheets, which are
temperature toward the 32EF isotherm.
prepared at convenient scales and contour intervals;
2-2
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