Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning, and Dehumidifying Systems - index
Foreword - ufc_3_410_02n0010
Section 1: Introduction
Referenced Criteria
Table 1: Recommended Air Conditioning Systems For Various Buildings
Section 2. General
Mechanical System Selection.
Equipment Selection
Boiler Fuel
Central Chilled Water Equipment
Ventilation Equipment
Humidification Equipment
Automatic Control Valves.
Table 2: Typical Instrument Applications
Desired Instrumentation Characteristics
Duct System Design
Restriction on Use of Ductwork
System and Equipment Performance
Room Air Conditioning Units
Constant - Volume Systems
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems
Mechanical Room Ventilation
Radon Mitigation Systems
Figure 1. Floor Penetration for Sub-Slab Depressurization System
Section 3: Applications
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0046
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0047
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0048
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0049
Air Cargo Terminal
Naval Air Station Control Tower
Hospital, Dental, and Medical Facilities
3.17 Industrial Ventilation
Fire Protection
Table 4: Thermal Currents Charts
Table 5. Safety Factor Chart
Air Curtains.
Laundries - ufc_3_410_02n0058
Section 4: Information Required on Drawings
Maintainability
Symbols and Abbreviations
Section 5: Load Calculations
Total Heating Load
Infiltration and Ventilation
Internal Loads - ufc_3_410_02n0065
Lights and Equipment
Section 6: Air Distribution
Illustration
Access Doors
Figure 3. Damper Installation
Fire Dampers and Smoke Dampers
Fan System Effect Factors
Static Pressure Requirement
Corrections for Inlet Spin
Figure 5: Duct Branches
Figure 6. Duct Branches
Figure 7. Duct Elbows
Figure 8. Duct Offsets and Transitions
Table 7. Major Types Of Hvac Fans
VAV Fan Selection
Louvers
Access for Inspection and Maintenance
Figure 9. Hooked Louver Blade
Static Pressure
Figure 10. Duct Pressure Class Designation
Section 7: Piping Systems
Expansion Loop.
Table 8: Piping Materials
Flexible Hose
Table 9. Water Velocities
Valve and Fitting Pressure Drops.
Figure 11: Friction Loss for Water In Commercial Steel Pipe
Figure 13. Friction Loss For Water In Plastic Pipe.
Expansion Tanks and Air Separator
Domestic Hot Water Generator.
Figure 14. Closed Expansion Tank
Figure 15. Diaphragm Expansion Tank
Figure 16. Connections To Converter for Hot Water Heating System
Figure 17. Domestic Hot Water Generator and Heating Hot Water Boiler Piping Connection
Pumps. - ufc_3_410_02n0100
Chilled Water
Low Pressure Steam Systems
Table 10;: Flow Rate In 1b/h Of Steam Schedule 40 Pipe At Initial Saturation Pressure of 3.5 And 12 Psig
Table 11. Return Main and Riser Capacities for Low- Pressure System
Table 13. SteamPipe Capacities for Low- Pressure System
Figure 18. Chart For Flow Rate and Velocity Of Steam in Shedule
Figure 19. Chart For Flow rate And Velocity Of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe Based on Saturation PressureOf 50 Psig.
Figure 20. Chart For Flow Rate And Velocity Of Steam in Schedule pipe based on Saturation Pressure Of 100 Psig.
Figure 21. Chart For Flow Rate And Velocity Of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe Based on Saturation Pressure Of 150 Psig.
Sizing Pressure Regulating Valves
Figure 22. PRV-- Low Pressure
Figure 23. Two Stage PRV
Condensate Pumps and Flash Tank
Figure 24. Detail - Flash Tank and Duplex Condensate Pump Unit
Figure 25. Steam Coils
Figure 26. Steam Tempering Coils
Table 14. Common Types of Steam Traps
Freezing of Steam Coils - General.
Freezing Due to Buildup of Condensate in the Coil
Figure 29. Aie Stratification to Coil During Freeze-Up Conditions
Figure 30. Nonfreeze Coil Piping
Refrigerant Piping
Figure 31. Refrigerant Coil
Figure 32. Compressor Piping
Section 8. Controls and Instrumentation
Designing DDC Systems
Designing DDC Systems - Continued
Standard Sequences of Operations
Operation of Chilled Water Coil Discharge Control
Single Zone Unit Sequence of Operations (Sample).
Multizone Unit Sequence of Operation (Sample).
Figure 33. Control System Schematic for Single Zone HVAC System XX
Figure 33. Control System Schematic for Single Zone HVAC System XX - Continued
Table 15. Equipment for Single Zone HVAC Control System XX
Table 15. Equipment for Single Zone HVAC Control System XX - Continued
Figure 34. Control System Schematic for Multizone HVAC System XX
Table 16. Equipment for Multizone HVAC Control System XX
Table 16. Equipment for Multizone HVAC Control System XX - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0138
Table 16. Equipment for Multizone HVAC Control System XX - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0139
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Unit Sequence of Operation
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Unit Sequence of Operation - Continued
Figure 35. Control System Schematic For VAV HVAC System XX
Figure 35. Control System Schematic For VAV HVAC System XX - Continued
Table 17. Equipment for VAV HVAC Control System XX
Commissioning Procedures
Preparation for Acceptance Testing
Operation
Controller Manual-Tuning Procedure
Procedures for Single Zone Control System (Sample)
Procedures for Single Zone Control System (Sample) - Continued
Procedures for Multizone Control System (Sample)
Procedures for Multizone Control System (Sample) - Continued
Variable Air Volume Control System (Sample)
Variable Air Volume Control System (Sample) - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0154
Variable Air Volume Control System (Sample) - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0155
Section 9. Equipment Location
Blocked Access
Section 10. Fundamentals Drawing Details
Figure 36. Schematic Hot Water and Chilled Water Balancing Diagram
Figure 37. Schematic Airflow Balancing Diagram
Table 18. Typical Utility Fan Schedule
Figure 38. Hot Water Riser Diagram
Figure 39. Notes on Drawing Riser Diagram
Figure 40. Designating Duct Pressure Classes
Section 11: Rules of Thumb Guidance
Table 21. Air Conditioning Load Estimating Factors
Section 12: Fire Protection and Smoke Control
Engineered Smoke Control System
Appendix A: Energy Conservation Methods
Figure A-1. Occupied/Unoccupied Hot Water Reset Schedule
Thermostat Setpoints
Thermostat Setpoints.
Energy Efficient Systems.
Direct Exhaust Systems
Rotary Air Wheel
Figure A-3. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery With Rotary Air Wheel
Figure A-4. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery With Counterflow Pattern Static Heat Exchanger
Figure A-5. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery With Crossflow Pattern Static Heat Exchanger
Figure A-6. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery Method With Heat Pipe
Figure A-7. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery Method With Runaround (Closes Loop) System
Runaround System (Open Loop) Method
Figure A-8. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery Method With Runaround (Open Loop) System
Heat-of-Light Heat Recovery Method
Figure A-9. Heat-of-Light Recovery Method With light Troffer
Figure A-10. Heat-of-Light Recovery Method With Induced Air
Conventional Refrigeration Machine Method
Figure A-11. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Conventional Refrigeration Machine Using Hot Water Coil
Figure A-12. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Conventional Refrigeration Machine Using Refrigerant Coil
Figure A-13. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Internal Source Heat Pump
Figure A-14. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Single Bundle Condenser Water Circuit Method
Figure A-15. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Double Bundle Condenser Water Circuit Method
HVAC System Management
Appendix B: Engineered Smoke Control Systems
Appendix C: Design Do's and Don'ts For VAV Systems
System Simplicity
Selection of Type of Control System
Do's and Don'ts
Design and specify for both peak and part load conditions
Design supply ductwork using the static regain method.
Maintaining Ventilation Air.
Pressure Dependent (PD) Boxes.
Carefully consider the throttling characteristics
Give special attention to linkages
Locate the static pressure sensor
For zones that need heating
In perimeter zones with a VAV cooling system
Sequence of Operation.
Appendix D: Variable Speed Drives (VFD)
Types of VFD's.
PWM Design
CSI Design
Flux Vector PWM Drives
Application of VFD's to Specific Loads
Special Applications of VFD's.
Special Applications of VFD's. - Continued
Sizing VFD's for the Load.
Key VFD Specification Parameters
Key VFD Specification Parameters - Continued
VFD Installation and Start-Up
Start-Up Procedures
Start-Up Procedures - Continued
VFD Generated EMI and Harmonic Distortion Concerns.
VFD-Driven Premium Efficiency Motor Concerns
VFD Start-Up Report
Electrical Inspection
Glossary - ufc_3_410_02n0232
Glossary - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0233
Glossary - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0234
Foreword - ufc_3_410_02n0010
Section 1: Introduction
Referenced Criteria
Table 1: Recommended Air Conditioning Systems For Various Buildings
Section 2. General
Mechanical System Selection.
Equipment Selection
Boiler Fuel
Central Chilled Water Equipment
Ventilation Equipment
Humidification Equipment
Automatic Control Valves.
Table 2: Typical Instrument Applications
Desired Instrumentation Characteristics
Duct System Design
Restriction on Use of Ductwork
System and Equipment Performance
Room Air Conditioning Units
Constant - Volume Systems
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems
Mechanical Room Ventilation
Radon Mitigation Systems
Figure 1. Floor Penetration for Sub-Slab Depressurization System
Section 3: Applications
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0046
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0047
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0048
Table 3: Applicable Criteria by Building Type - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0049
Air Cargo Terminal
Naval Air Station Control Tower
Hospital, Dental, and Medical Facilities
3.17 Industrial Ventilation
Fire Protection
Table 4: Thermal Currents Charts
Table 5. Safety Factor Chart
Air Curtains.
Laundries - ufc_3_410_02n0058
Section 4: Information Required on Drawings
Maintainability
Symbols and Abbreviations
Section 5: Load Calculations
Total Heating Load
Infiltration and Ventilation
Internal Loads - ufc_3_410_02n0065
Lights and Equipment
Section 6: Air Distribution
Illustration
Access Doors
Figure 3. Damper Installation
Fire Dampers and Smoke Dampers
Fan System Effect Factors
Static Pressure Requirement
Corrections for Inlet Spin
Figure 5: Duct Branches
Figure 6. Duct Branches
Figure 7. Duct Elbows
Figure 8. Duct Offsets and Transitions
Table 7. Major Types Of Hvac Fans
VAV Fan Selection
Louvers
Access for Inspection and Maintenance
Figure 9. Hooked Louver Blade
Static Pressure
Figure 10. Duct Pressure Class Designation
Section 7: Piping Systems
Expansion Loop.
Table 8: Piping Materials
Flexible Hose
Table 9. Water Velocities
Valve and Fitting Pressure Drops.
Figure 11: Friction Loss for Water In Commercial Steel Pipe
Figure 13. Friction Loss For Water In Plastic Pipe.
Expansion Tanks and Air Separator
Domestic Hot Water Generator.
Figure 14. Closed Expansion Tank
Figure 15. Diaphragm Expansion Tank
Figure 16. Connections To Converter for Hot Water Heating System
Figure 17. Domestic Hot Water Generator and Heating Hot Water Boiler Piping Connection
Pumps. - ufc_3_410_02n0100
Chilled Water
Low Pressure Steam Systems
Table 10;: Flow Rate In 1b/h Of Steam Schedule 40 Pipe At Initial Saturation Pressure of 3.5 And 12 Psig
Table 11. Return Main and Riser Capacities for Low- Pressure System
Table 13. SteamPipe Capacities for Low- Pressure System
Figure 18. Chart For Flow Rate and Velocity Of Steam in Shedule
Figure 19. Chart For Flow rate And Velocity Of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe Based on Saturation PressureOf 50 Psig.
Figure 20. Chart For Flow Rate And Velocity Of Steam in Schedule pipe based on Saturation Pressure Of 100 Psig.
Figure 21. Chart For Flow Rate And Velocity Of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe Based on Saturation Pressure Of 150 Psig.
Sizing Pressure Regulating Valves
Figure 22. PRV-- Low Pressure
Figure 23. Two Stage PRV
Condensate Pumps and Flash Tank
Figure 24. Detail - Flash Tank and Duplex Condensate Pump Unit
Figure 25. Steam Coils
Figure 26. Steam Tempering Coils
Table 14. Common Types of Steam Traps
Freezing of Steam Coils - General.
Freezing Due to Buildup of Condensate in the Coil
Figure 29. Aie Stratification to Coil During Freeze-Up Conditions
Figure 30. Nonfreeze Coil Piping
Refrigerant Piping
Figure 31. Refrigerant Coil
Figure 32. Compressor Piping
Section 8. Controls and Instrumentation
Designing DDC Systems
Designing DDC Systems - Continued
Standard Sequences of Operations
Operation of Chilled Water Coil Discharge Control
Single Zone Unit Sequence of Operations (Sample).
Multizone Unit Sequence of Operation (Sample).
Figure 33. Control System Schematic for Single Zone HVAC System XX
Figure 33. Control System Schematic for Single Zone HVAC System XX - Continued
Table 15. Equipment for Single Zone HVAC Control System XX
Table 15. Equipment for Single Zone HVAC Control System XX - Continued
Figure 34. Control System Schematic for Multizone HVAC System XX
Table 16. Equipment for Multizone HVAC Control System XX
Table 16. Equipment for Multizone HVAC Control System XX - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0138
Table 16. Equipment for Multizone HVAC Control System XX - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0139
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Unit Sequence of Operation
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Unit Sequence of Operation - Continued
Figure 35. Control System Schematic For VAV HVAC System XX
Figure 35. Control System Schematic For VAV HVAC System XX - Continued
Table 17. Equipment for VAV HVAC Control System XX
Commissioning Procedures
Preparation for Acceptance Testing
Operation
Controller Manual-Tuning Procedure
Procedures for Single Zone Control System (Sample)
Procedures for Single Zone Control System (Sample) - Continued
Procedures for Multizone Control System (Sample)
Procedures for Multizone Control System (Sample) - Continued
Variable Air Volume Control System (Sample)
Variable Air Volume Control System (Sample) - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0154
Variable Air Volume Control System (Sample) - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0155
Section 9. Equipment Location
Blocked Access
Section 10. Fundamentals Drawing Details
Figure 36. Schematic Hot Water and Chilled Water Balancing Diagram
Figure 37. Schematic Airflow Balancing Diagram
Table 18. Typical Utility Fan Schedule
Figure 38. Hot Water Riser Diagram
Figure 39. Notes on Drawing Riser Diagram
Figure 40. Designating Duct Pressure Classes
Section 11: Rules of Thumb Guidance
Table 21. Air Conditioning Load Estimating Factors
Section 12: Fire Protection and Smoke Control
Engineered Smoke Control System
Appendix A: Energy Conservation Methods
Figure A-1. Occupied/Unoccupied Hot Water Reset Schedule
Thermostat Setpoints
Thermostat Setpoints.
Energy Efficient Systems.
Direct Exhaust Systems
Rotary Air Wheel
Figure A-3. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery With Rotary Air Wheel
Figure A-4. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery With Counterflow Pattern Static Heat Exchanger
Figure A-5. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery With Crossflow Pattern Static Heat Exchanger
Figure A-6. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery Method With Heat Pipe
Figure A-7. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery Method With Runaround (Closes Loop) System
Runaround System (Open Loop) Method
Figure A-8. Exhaust Air Heat Recovery Method With Runaround (Open Loop) System
Heat-of-Light Heat Recovery Method
Figure A-9. Heat-of-Light Recovery Method With light Troffer
Figure A-10. Heat-of-Light Recovery Method With Induced Air
Conventional Refrigeration Machine Method
Figure A-11. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Conventional Refrigeration Machine Using Hot Water Coil
Figure A-12. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Conventional Refrigeration Machine Using Refrigerant Coil
Figure A-13. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Internal Source Heat Pump
Figure A-14. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Single Bundle Condenser Water Circuit Method
Figure A-15. Refrigeration Method Heat Recovery With Double Bundle Condenser Water Circuit Method
HVAC System Management
Appendix B: Engineered Smoke Control Systems
Appendix C: Design Do's and Don'ts For VAV Systems
System Simplicity
Selection of Type of Control System
Do's and Don'ts
Design and specify for both peak and part load conditions
Design supply ductwork using the static regain method.
Maintaining Ventilation Air.
Pressure Dependent (PD) Boxes.
Carefully consider the throttling characteristics
Give special attention to linkages
Locate the static pressure sensor
For zones that need heating
In perimeter zones with a VAV cooling system
Sequence of Operation.
Appendix D: Variable Speed Drives (VFD)
Types of VFD's.
PWM Design
CSI Design
Flux Vector PWM Drives
Application of VFD's to Specific Loads
Special Applications of VFD's.
Special Applications of VFD's. - Continued
Sizing VFD's for the Load.
Key VFD Specification Parameters
Key VFD Specification Parameters - Continued
VFD Installation and Start-Up
Start-Up Procedures
Start-Up Procedures - Continued
VFD Generated EMI and Harmonic Distortion Concerns.
VFD-Driven Premium Efficiency Motor Concerns
VFD Start-Up Report
Electrical Inspection
Glossary - ufc_3_410_02n0232
Glossary - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0233
Glossary - Continued - ufc_3_410_02n0234
