Water Desalination - index
Chapter 1: General - ufc_3_230_12a0010
Chapter 2: Site Selection - ufc_3_230_12a0011
Figure 2-1. Typical desalination flowsheet
Figure 2-2. Typical reverse osmosis desalination system
Chapter 3: Water Source Selection
Selection versus rejection of potential raw water sources
Chapter 4: Process Selection
Process limitations
Distillation/condensation energy
Table 4-1. Preliminary desalination process selection
Membrane energy
Table 4-2. Selecting desalination processes after water quality data are obtained
Table 4-3. Final selection of a desalination technique from treatability data
Chapter 5: Pretreatment Considerations
Table 5-1. The maximum allowable contaminants in the feed water used by various desalination processes
Figure 5-1. Pretreatment techniques
Figure 5-2. Approximate concentration factor limits for calcium sulfate in sea water
Degasification and deaeration
Figure 5-3. Disinfection alternatives
Ultraviolet irradiation
Chapter 6: Distillation/Condensation Techniques
Figure 6-1. Three methods of vaporization
Figure 6-2. Multiple-effect vertical-tube evaporation process
Figure 6-3. Multistage flash distillation facility
Figure 6-4. Waste heat recovery evaporation process
Figure 6-5. Vapor-compression vertical-tube distillation system
Materials of construction - ufc_3_230_12a0036
Distillation/condensation system design
Chapter 7: Membrane Techniques
Figure 7-1. Principles of electrodialysis desalination
Reverse osmosis
Figure 7-2. Revere osmosis principles
Figure 7-3. Reverse osmosis desalination system
Figure 7-4. Flow-work exchanger principles
Reverse osmosis membrane staging configurations
Figure 7-6. Internal construction of a spiral-wound membrane
Figure 7-7. Internal construction of a hollow fine-fiber reverse osmosis membrane module
Figure 7-8. Reverse osmosis product staging
Reverse osmosis system design
Figure 7-9. Reverse osmosis membrane reject staging
Materials of construction - ufc_3_230_12a0050
Chapter 8: Ion Change
Figure 8-1. Principles of ion-exchange processes
Three-unit variation
Figure 8-2. RDI Process
Demineralization
Figure 8-4. Two-unit variation Desal Process
Figure 8-5. Demineralization two-bed flowsheet
Chapter 9: Post-Treatment
Figure 9-1. Break-point chlorination curve
Post-treatment of electrodialysis-reversal product water
Chapter 10: Waste Disposal
Pretreatment wastes
Distillation / condensation system wastes
Figure 10-3. Deep-well disposal unit
Figure 10-4. Brine waste disposal
Ion-exchange system wastes
Appendix A: Sample Problems - ufc_3_230_12a0068
Figure A-1. Sample use of table 4-1
Figure A-2. Sample use of table 4-2
Figure A-3. Water analysis (sample problem A-1a)
Figure A-4. Sample use of table 4-3
Sample source and process selection - ufc_3_230_12a0073
Figure A-5. Water analysis (sample problem A-1b).
Figure A-6. Water analysis (sample problem A-1c)
Figure A-7. Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis System
Sample source and process selection - ufc_3_230_12a0077
Figure A-8. Sample use of table 4-1
Calcium sulfate solubility product (Ca S04 XH2O) scale
Figure A-9. Water analysis (sample problem A-2)
Figure A-10. Sample use of table 4-2
Figure A-11. Sample use of table 4-3
Figure A-12. Plan view of a vapor compression system
Ion- exchange desalination
Figure A-13. Water analysis (sample problem A-4)
Ion-Exchange Engineering Data
Figure A-14. Amberlite IR-120 plus leakage data regeneration-5 Ibs. H2SO4 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-15. Amberlite IR-120 plus iso-capacity data regeneration-5 Ibs. H2S04 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-16. Amberlite IR-120 plus capacity correction for alkalinity
Figure A-17. Amberlite IR-120 plus leakage data regeneration-3 lbs. H2SO4 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-18. Amberlite IR-120 plus iso-capacity data regeneration-3 lbs. H2S04 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-19. Amberlite IR-120 plus capacity correction for alkalinity
Table A-1. Water Constituents at Treatment Stages with 5 Pounds/Cubic Foot Acid Regeneration
Table A-2. Water Constitutes at Treatment Stages with 3 Pounds/Cubic Foot Sulfuric Acid Regeneration
Blend of Well Water and Neutral Degased Water
Blend of Well Water and Neutral Degased Water -Cont.
Summary of Cost per 1000 Gallons of Potable Water
Figure A-20. Cation exchangers plan
Figure A-21. Degasifier and clearwell plan
Sample of multiple component water blend optimization
Sample of multiple component water blend optimization -Cont.
Figure A-22. Three projections of the water blends that satisfy TB MED 576 Requirements
Total Dissolved Solids - Sulfate Pair
Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Water y and Water x
Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Water y and Water x -Cont. - ufc_3_230_12a0105
Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Water y and Water x -Cont. - ufc_3_230_12a0106
Sample problem for simple blend
Table A-3. Cost projections for possible optimum blends
Figure A-23. Plan review of a two-pass reverse osmosis system
Concentration factor
Second-law limiting thermal efficiency
Appendix B:Water Testing Required for Desalination Treatment
Appendix B:Water Testing Required for Desalination Treatment -Cont.
Chapter 1: General - ufc_3_230_12a0010
Chapter 2: Site Selection - ufc_3_230_12a0011
Figure 2-1. Typical desalination flowsheet
Figure 2-2. Typical reverse osmosis desalination system
Chapter 3: Water Source Selection
Selection versus rejection of potential raw water sources
Chapter 4: Process Selection
Process limitations
Distillation/condensation energy
Table 4-1. Preliminary desalination process selection
Membrane energy
Table 4-2. Selecting desalination processes after water quality data are obtained
Table 4-3. Final selection of a desalination technique from treatability data
Chapter 5: Pretreatment Considerations
Table 5-1. The maximum allowable contaminants in the feed water used by various desalination processes
Figure 5-1. Pretreatment techniques
Figure 5-2. Approximate concentration factor limits for calcium sulfate in sea water
Degasification and deaeration
Figure 5-3. Disinfection alternatives
Ultraviolet irradiation
Chapter 6: Distillation/Condensation Techniques
Figure 6-1. Three methods of vaporization
Figure 6-2. Multiple-effect vertical-tube evaporation process
Figure 6-3. Multistage flash distillation facility
Figure 6-4. Waste heat recovery evaporation process
Figure 6-5. Vapor-compression vertical-tube distillation system
Materials of construction - ufc_3_230_12a0036
Distillation/condensation system design
Chapter 7: Membrane Techniques
Figure 7-1. Principles of electrodialysis desalination
Reverse osmosis
Figure 7-2. Revere osmosis principles
Figure 7-3. Reverse osmosis desalination system
Figure 7-4. Flow-work exchanger principles
Reverse osmosis membrane staging configurations
Figure 7-6. Internal construction of a spiral-wound membrane
Figure 7-7. Internal construction of a hollow fine-fiber reverse osmosis membrane module
Figure 7-8. Reverse osmosis product staging
Reverse osmosis system design
Figure 7-9. Reverse osmosis membrane reject staging
Materials of construction - ufc_3_230_12a0050
Chapter 8: Ion Change
Figure 8-1. Principles of ion-exchange processes
Three-unit variation
Figure 8-2. RDI Process
Demineralization
Figure 8-4. Two-unit variation Desal Process
Figure 8-5. Demineralization two-bed flowsheet
Chapter 9: Post-Treatment
Figure 9-1. Break-point chlorination curve
Post-treatment of electrodialysis-reversal product water
Chapter 10: Waste Disposal
Pretreatment wastes
Distillation / condensation system wastes
Figure 10-3. Deep-well disposal unit
Figure 10-4. Brine waste disposal
Ion-exchange system wastes
Appendix A: Sample Problems - ufc_3_230_12a0068
Figure A-1. Sample use of table 4-1
Figure A-2. Sample use of table 4-2
Figure A-3. Water analysis (sample problem A-1a)
Figure A-4. Sample use of table 4-3
Sample source and process selection - ufc_3_230_12a0073
Figure A-5. Water analysis (sample problem A-1b).
Figure A-6. Water analysis (sample problem A-1c)
Figure A-7. Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis System
Sample source and process selection - ufc_3_230_12a0077
Figure A-8. Sample use of table 4-1
Calcium sulfate solubility product (Ca S04 XH2O) scale
Figure A-9. Water analysis (sample problem A-2)
Figure A-10. Sample use of table 4-2
Figure A-11. Sample use of table 4-3
Figure A-12. Plan view of a vapor compression system
Ion- exchange desalination
Figure A-13. Water analysis (sample problem A-4)
Ion-Exchange Engineering Data
Figure A-14. Amberlite IR-120 plus leakage data regeneration-5 Ibs. H2SO4 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-15. Amberlite IR-120 plus iso-capacity data regeneration-5 Ibs. H2S04 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-16. Amberlite IR-120 plus capacity correction for alkalinity
Figure A-17. Amberlite IR-120 plus leakage data regeneration-3 lbs. H2SO4 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-18. Amberlite IR-120 plus iso-capacity data regeneration-3 lbs. H2S04 (66 Be)/cu. ft
Figure A-19. Amberlite IR-120 plus capacity correction for alkalinity
Table A-1. Water Constituents at Treatment Stages with 5 Pounds/Cubic Foot Acid Regeneration
Table A-2. Water Constitutes at Treatment Stages with 3 Pounds/Cubic Foot Sulfuric Acid Regeneration
Blend of Well Water and Neutral Degased Water
Blend of Well Water and Neutral Degased Water -Cont.
Summary of Cost per 1000 Gallons of Potable Water
Figure A-20. Cation exchangers plan
Figure A-21. Degasifier and clearwell plan
Sample of multiple component water blend optimization
Sample of multiple component water blend optimization -Cont.
Figure A-22. Three projections of the water blends that satisfy TB MED 576 Requirements
Total Dissolved Solids - Sulfate Pair
Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Water y and Water x
Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Water y and Water x -Cont. - ufc_3_230_12a0105
Single-Pass Reverse Osmosis Water y and Water x -Cont. - ufc_3_230_12a0106
Sample problem for simple blend
Table A-3. Cost projections for possible optimum blends
Figure A-23. Plan review of a two-pass reverse osmosis system
Concentration factor
Second-law limiting thermal efficiency
Appendix B:Water Testing Required for Desalination Treatment
Appendix B:Water Testing Required for Desalination Treatment -Cont.
