UFC 3-220-01N
15 AUGUST 2005
Figure 11-1 Frost and permafrost in North America
Engineering problems may also arise from such factors as the difficulty of
excavating and handling ground when it is frozen; soft and wet ground conditions during
thaw periods; surface and subsurface drainage problems; special behavior and handling
requirements for natural and manufactured materials at low temperatures and under
freeze-thaw action; possible ice uplift and thrust action on foundations; condensation on
cold floors; adverse conditions of weather, cost, and sometimes accessibility; in the
more remote locations, limited local availability of materials, support facilities, and labor;
and reduced labor efficiency at low temperatures.
Progressive freezing and frost heave of foundations may also develop
under refrigerated warehouses and other facilities where sustained interior below-
freezing temperatures are maintained. The design procedures and technical guidance
outlined in this chapter may be adapted to the solution of these design problems.
11-2
FACTORS AFFECTING DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
11-2.1
Physiography and Geology. Physiographic and geology details in the
area of the proposed construction are a major factor determining the degree of difficulty
11-3
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