Geotechnical Engineering Procedures For Foundation Design of Buildings
and Structures
Chapter 1: Introduction - ufc_3_220_01n0010
Content Guidance
Chapter 2: Soils and Geology
Chapter 3. Selection of Foundation Types
Cost Estimates and Final Selection
Table 3-1 Foundation Possibilities for Different Subsoil Conditions
Table 3-2: Checklist for Influence of Site Characteristics on Foundation Selection for Family Housing
Chpater 4: Shallow Foundations
Secondary References - ufc_3_220_01n0018
Chapter 5: Deep Foundations
Secondary References - ufc_3_220_01n0020
Chapter 6: Retaining Walls and Cellular Cofferdams
Cell Deformations
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0023
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0024
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0025
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0026
References - ufc_3_220_01n0027
Chapter 7: Slope Stability Analysis
Chapter 8: Excavations, Fill, Backfill, and Soil Stabilization for Structures
Site Exploration
Table 8-1.1: Factors Controlling Stability of Sloped Cut in Some Problem Soils
Table 8-1.2: Factors Controlling Excavation Stability - ufc_3_220_01n0032
Table 8-1.2: Factors Controlling Excavation Stability - ufc_3_220_01n0033
Support Systems
Figure 8-1.1 Sliding Trench Shield
Table 8-1.3: OSHA Requirements (Minimum) for Trench Shoring
Figure 8-1.2: Skeleton Shoring
Figure 8-1.5: Telescopic Shoring
Preliminary Considerations
Rippability
Blasting
Figure 8-1.8: Suggested Guide for Ease of Excavation
Figure 8-1.9: Cube Root Scaling Versus Maximum Particle Velocity
Figure 8-1.11:Guide for Predicting Human Response to Vibrations and Blasting Effects
Exacavation Stabilization, Monitoring, and Safety
Embankment Cross-Section Design
Embankment Settlement
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0048
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0049
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0050
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0051
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0052
Table 8-1.5: Relative Desirability of Soils as Compacted Fill - ufc_3_220_01n0053
Table 8-1.5: Relative Desirability of Soils as Compacted Fill - ufc_3_220_01n0054
Piping and Cracking
Figure 8-1.12: Resistance of Earth Dam. Embankment Materials To Piping and Cracking
Figure 8-1.12: Resistance of Earth Dam. Embankment Materials To Piping and Cracking -Cont.
Table 8-1.6: Clay Dispersion Potential
Borrow Excavation
Types of Fill
Foundations on Compacted Fills
Compaction Requirements - ufc_3_220_01n0062
Placing And Control Of Backfill
Fine-Grained Fills
Underwater Hydraulic Fills
Table 8-2.1: A Summary of Densification Methods for Building Foundations - ufc_3_220_01n0066
Table 8-2.1: A Summary of Densification Methods for Building Foundations - ufc_3_220_01n0067
Table 8-2.2: Compaction Density as a Percent of ASTM D 1557 Laboratory Test Density
Confined zones
Complex Structures
Figure 8-3.1 Open Backfill Zone
Figure 8-3.2 Confined Backfill Zones
Figure 8-3.3 Complex Structures
Thin-walled Metal Structures
Differential Settlement
Figure 8-3.5 Excess Lateral Pressure Against Vertical Walls Induced by Compaction
Gradation and Filter Criteria for Drainage Materials
Earth Pressures - ufc_3_220_01n0078
Evaluation, Design, and Processing of Backfill Materials
Laboratory Testing - ufc_3_220_01n0080
Identification and Classification of Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0081
Compaction Testing
Table 8-3.1 Typical Engineering Properties of Compacted Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0083
Table 8-3.1 Typical Engineering Properties of Compacted Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0084
Table 8-3.1 Typical Engineering Properties of Compacted Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0085
Permeability Tests
Slake Durability of Shales
Primary Considerations
Fine-Grained Soils of Low to Medium Plasticity
Marginal Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0090
Processing of Backfill Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0091
Good Construction Practices, and Problems - ufc_3_220_01n0092
Surface Water - ufc_3_220_01n0093
Stockpiling Excavated Material
Protection of Exposed Material
Foundations Supported on Rock
Good Construction Practices, and Problems - ufc_3_220_01n0097
Lift Thickness
Cold Weather
Zones Having Particular Gradation Requirements
Table 8-5.1 Summary of Compaction Criteria - ufc_3_220_01n0101
Table 8-5.1 Summary of Compaction Criteria - ufc_3_220_01n0102
Special Problems
Installation of Instruments - ufc_3_220_01n0104
Specification Provisions
Shoring and Bracing
Structures on Soil
Backfill Against Structures
Vibrocompaction
Vibrating Probe (Terraprobe)
Vibroflotation
Vibroflotation -Cont.
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0113
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0114
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0115
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0116
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0117
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0118
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0119
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0120
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0121
Table 8-7.2 Applicability of Foundation Soil Improvement for Different Structures and Soil Types (for Efficient Use of Shallow Foundations)
Figure 8-7.1 Applicable Grain-size Ranges for Different Stabilization Methods
Figure 8-7.2: Range of Particle-size Distributions Suitable for Densification by Vibrocompaction
Figure 8-7.3: Sand Densification Using Vibratory Rollers
Grouting and Injection - ufc_3_220_01n0126
Surcharge Fills
Dynamic Consolidation (Heavy Tamping)
Figure 8-7.5: Allowable bearing pressure on cohesionless soil layers stabilized by vibroflotation
Mix-in-Place Piles and Walls
Strips and Membranes
Stabilization Using Fills - ufc_3_220_01n0132
Chapter 9: Dewatering and Groundwater Control
Chapter 10: Foundation in Expansive Soils
Chapter 11: Foundations In Areas of Significant Frost Penetration
Seasonal Frost Areas
Figure 11-1: Frost and permafrost in North America
Temperature - ufc_3_220_01n0138
Figure 11-2:Ground Temperatures During Freezing Season in Limestone, Maine
Figure 11-3: Ground Temperatures During Freezing Season in Fairbanks, Alaska
Free Water in Permafrost Areas
Discontinuous Permafrost
Foundation Design - ufc_3_220_01n0143
Permafrost Foundations not Adversely Affected by Thaw
Design Depth of Ordinary Frost Penetration
Figure 11-4: Design Alternatives
Design Depth of Ordinary Thaw Penetration
Solar Radiation Thermal Effects
Creep Deformation
Design Criteria for Various Specific Engineering Features
Chapter 12: Design for Equipment Vibrations and Seismic Loadings
Single Degree of Freedom, Damped Forced Systems
Foundations on Elastic Soils
Foundations on Elastic Half-Space
Figure 12-3: Six Modes of Vibration for a Foundation
Effects of Shape Foundation
Effect of Embedment
Effect of Finite Thickness Of Elastic Layer
Figure 12-5: Examples of Computations for Vertical and Rocking Motions
Examples
Table 12-2: Values of kL/L for Elastic Layer (k from Table 12-1)
Wave Transmission, Attenuation, and Isolation
Layered Media
Isolation
Field Wave Velocity Tests
Field Wave Velocity Tests -Cont.
Laboratory Measurement of Dynamic Stress-Strain Properties
Laboratory Measurement of Dynamic Stress-Strain Properties -Cont.
Correlations
Damping in Low Strain Levels
Table 12-4: Values of Constant η Used with Equation (12-23) to Estimate Cyclic Shear Modulus at Low Strains
Modulus and Damping at High Strain Levels
Liquefaction Due to Seismic Activity
Figure 12-10: Variation of Shear Modulus with Cyclic Strain Amplitude
Table 12-6: Criteria for Excluding Need for Detailed Liquefaction Analyses
Chapter 13: Pile Driving Equipment
Chapter 14: Grouting Methods and Equipment
Chapter 1: Introduction - ufc_3_220_01n0010
Content Guidance
Chapter 2: Soils and Geology
Chapter 3. Selection of Foundation Types
Cost Estimates and Final Selection
Table 3-1 Foundation Possibilities for Different Subsoil Conditions
Table 3-2: Checklist for Influence of Site Characteristics on Foundation Selection for Family Housing
Chpater 4: Shallow Foundations
Secondary References - ufc_3_220_01n0018
Chapter 5: Deep Foundations
Secondary References - ufc_3_220_01n0020
Chapter 6: Retaining Walls and Cellular Cofferdams
Cell Deformations
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0023
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0024
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0025
Figure 6-1 Design Criteria for Cellular Cofferdams - ufc_3_220_01n0026
References - ufc_3_220_01n0027
Chapter 7: Slope Stability Analysis
Chapter 8: Excavations, Fill, Backfill, and Soil Stabilization for Structures
Site Exploration
Table 8-1.1: Factors Controlling Stability of Sloped Cut in Some Problem Soils
Table 8-1.2: Factors Controlling Excavation Stability - ufc_3_220_01n0032
Table 8-1.2: Factors Controlling Excavation Stability - ufc_3_220_01n0033
Support Systems
Figure 8-1.1 Sliding Trench Shield
Table 8-1.3: OSHA Requirements (Minimum) for Trench Shoring
Figure 8-1.2: Skeleton Shoring
Figure 8-1.5: Telescopic Shoring
Preliminary Considerations
Rippability
Blasting
Figure 8-1.8: Suggested Guide for Ease of Excavation
Figure 8-1.9: Cube Root Scaling Versus Maximum Particle Velocity
Figure 8-1.11:Guide for Predicting Human Response to Vibrations and Blasting Effects
Exacavation Stabilization, Monitoring, and Safety
Embankment Cross-Section Design
Embankment Settlement
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0048
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0049
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0050
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0051
Table 8-1.4: Typical Properties of Compacted Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0052
Table 8-1.5: Relative Desirability of Soils as Compacted Fill - ufc_3_220_01n0053
Table 8-1.5: Relative Desirability of Soils as Compacted Fill - ufc_3_220_01n0054
Piping and Cracking
Figure 8-1.12: Resistance of Earth Dam. Embankment Materials To Piping and Cracking
Figure 8-1.12: Resistance of Earth Dam. Embankment Materials To Piping and Cracking -Cont.
Table 8-1.6: Clay Dispersion Potential
Borrow Excavation
Types of Fill
Foundations on Compacted Fills
Compaction Requirements - ufc_3_220_01n0062
Placing And Control Of Backfill
Fine-Grained Fills
Underwater Hydraulic Fills
Table 8-2.1: A Summary of Densification Methods for Building Foundations - ufc_3_220_01n0066
Table 8-2.1: A Summary of Densification Methods for Building Foundations - ufc_3_220_01n0067
Table 8-2.2: Compaction Density as a Percent of ASTM D 1557 Laboratory Test Density
Confined zones
Complex Structures
Figure 8-3.1 Open Backfill Zone
Figure 8-3.2 Confined Backfill Zones
Figure 8-3.3 Complex Structures
Thin-walled Metal Structures
Differential Settlement
Figure 8-3.5 Excess Lateral Pressure Against Vertical Walls Induced by Compaction
Gradation and Filter Criteria for Drainage Materials
Earth Pressures - ufc_3_220_01n0078
Evaluation, Design, and Processing of Backfill Materials
Laboratory Testing - ufc_3_220_01n0080
Identification and Classification of Soils - ufc_3_220_01n0081
Compaction Testing
Table 8-3.1 Typical Engineering Properties of Compacted Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0083
Table 8-3.1 Typical Engineering Properties of Compacted Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0084
Table 8-3.1 Typical Engineering Properties of Compacted Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0085
Permeability Tests
Slake Durability of Shales
Primary Considerations
Fine-Grained Soils of Low to Medium Plasticity
Marginal Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0090
Processing of Backfill Materials - ufc_3_220_01n0091
Good Construction Practices, and Problems - ufc_3_220_01n0092
Surface Water - ufc_3_220_01n0093
Stockpiling Excavated Material
Protection of Exposed Material
Foundations Supported on Rock
Good Construction Practices, and Problems - ufc_3_220_01n0097
Lift Thickness
Cold Weather
Zones Having Particular Gradation Requirements
Table 8-5.1 Summary of Compaction Criteria - ufc_3_220_01n0101
Table 8-5.1 Summary of Compaction Criteria - ufc_3_220_01n0102
Special Problems
Installation of Instruments - ufc_3_220_01n0104
Specification Provisions
Shoring and Bracing
Structures on Soil
Backfill Against Structures
Vibrocompaction
Vibrating Probe (Terraprobe)
Vibroflotation
Vibroflotation -Cont.
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0113
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0114
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0115
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0116
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0117
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0118
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0119
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0120
Table 8-7.1 Stabilization of Soils for the Foundations of Structures - ufc_3_220_01n0121
Table 8-7.2 Applicability of Foundation Soil Improvement for Different Structures and Soil Types (for Efficient Use of Shallow Foundations)
Figure 8-7.1 Applicable Grain-size Ranges for Different Stabilization Methods
Figure 8-7.2: Range of Particle-size Distributions Suitable for Densification by Vibrocompaction
Figure 8-7.3: Sand Densification Using Vibratory Rollers
Grouting and Injection - ufc_3_220_01n0126
Surcharge Fills
Dynamic Consolidation (Heavy Tamping)
Figure 8-7.5: Allowable bearing pressure on cohesionless soil layers stabilized by vibroflotation
Mix-in-Place Piles and Walls
Strips and Membranes
Stabilization Using Fills - ufc_3_220_01n0132
Chapter 9: Dewatering and Groundwater Control
Chapter 10: Foundation in Expansive Soils
Chapter 11: Foundations In Areas of Significant Frost Penetration
Seasonal Frost Areas
Figure 11-1: Frost and permafrost in North America
Temperature - ufc_3_220_01n0138
Figure 11-2:Ground Temperatures During Freezing Season in Limestone, Maine
Figure 11-3: Ground Temperatures During Freezing Season in Fairbanks, Alaska
Free Water in Permafrost Areas
Discontinuous Permafrost
Foundation Design - ufc_3_220_01n0143
Permafrost Foundations not Adversely Affected by Thaw
Design Depth of Ordinary Frost Penetration
Figure 11-4: Design Alternatives
Design Depth of Ordinary Thaw Penetration
Solar Radiation Thermal Effects
Creep Deformation
Design Criteria for Various Specific Engineering Features
Chapter 12: Design for Equipment Vibrations and Seismic Loadings
Single Degree of Freedom, Damped Forced Systems
Foundations on Elastic Soils
Foundations on Elastic Half-Space
Figure 12-3: Six Modes of Vibration for a Foundation
Effects of Shape Foundation
Effect of Embedment
Effect of Finite Thickness Of Elastic Layer
Figure 12-5: Examples of Computations for Vertical and Rocking Motions
Examples
Table 12-2: Values of kL/L for Elastic Layer (k from Table 12-1)
Wave Transmission, Attenuation, and Isolation
Layered Media
Isolation
Field Wave Velocity Tests
Field Wave Velocity Tests -Cont.
Laboratory Measurement of Dynamic Stress-Strain Properties
Laboratory Measurement of Dynamic Stress-Strain Properties -Cont.
Correlations
Damping in Low Strain Levels
Table 12-4: Values of Constant η Used with Equation (12-23) to Estimate Cyclic Shear Modulus at Low Strains
Modulus and Damping at High Strain Levels
Liquefaction Due to Seismic Activity
Figure 12-10: Variation of Shear Modulus with Cyclic Strain Amplitude
Table 12-6: Criteria for Excluding Need for Detailed Liquefaction Analyses
Chapter 13: Pile Driving Equipment
Chapter 14: Grouting Methods and Equipment